Leffa, Douglas Teixeira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-8451
Povala, Guilherme
Ferreira, Pamela C. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2134-9829
Ferrari-Souza, João Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-1551
Bauer-Negrini, Guilherme
Rodrigues, Matheus Scarpatto
Amaral, Livia https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4488-763X
Lussier, Firoza Z.
Medeiros, Marina Scop https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4237-4565
Soares, Carolina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-4495
Aguzzoli, Cristiano Schaffer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-3830
Macedo, Arthur C.
Therriault, Joseph
Rosa-Neto, Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1376
Tudorascu, Dana L.
Zimmer, Eduardo R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-0053
Bellaver, Bruna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2212-3373
Pascoal, Tharick A.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alzheimer's Association (24AARFD-1243899)
Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-22-923814)
Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-23-1150249)
Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-24-1313939)
Alzheimer's Association (24AACSF-1200375)
Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-22-974627)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (88887.951210/2024-00)
McGill University Faculty of Medicine student fellowship, and the Colin J Adair foundation fellowship
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (5R01AG073267)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (5R01AG075336)
Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Revised: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 14 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.T. has served as a paid consultant for Neurotorium and Alzheon Inc, outside of the scope of the current work. E.R.Z. has served on the scientific advisory board or as a consultant for Nintx, Novo Nordisk, Magdalena Biosciences and Masima. He is also a co-founder and minority shareholder of Masima.
: Institutional Review Boards of all participating sites approved the ADNI study, and all research participants or their authorized representatives provided written informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.