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Article History
Received: 13 December 2024
Revised: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Competing interests
: Joaquim Radua has received CME honoraria from Inspira Networks for a machine learning course promoted by Adamed, outside the submitted work. Benjamin I. Goldstein acknowledges his position as RBC Investments Chair in Children’s Mental Health and Developmental Psychopathology at The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), a joint Hospital-University Chair between the University of Toronto, CAMH, and the CAMH Foundation. Dan J. Stein has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen. Tilo Kircher received unrestricted educational grants from Servier, Janssen, Recordati, Aristo, Otsuka, and neuraxpharm. Eduard Vieta has received grants and served as consultant, advisor, or CME speaker for the following entities: AB-Biotics, AbbVie, Adamed, Alcediag, Angelini, Biogen, Beckley-Psytech, Biohaven, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Celon Pharma, Compass, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Ethypharm, Ferrer, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Glaxo-Smith Kline, HMNC, Idorsia, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Luye Pharma, Medincell, Merck, Newron, Novartis, Orion Corporation, Organon, Otsuka, Roche, Rovi, Sage, Sanofi-Aventis, Sunovion, Takeda, Teva, and Viatris, outside the submitted work. Jair C. Soares has received research grants from Compass Pathways, MindMed, and Sunovion, and serves on advisory boards for Alkermes, J&J, and LivaNova. In addition to serving on advisory boards, Jair C. Soares has also received research grants from Compass Pathways, MindMed, and Sunovion. Torbjørn Elvsåshagen is a consultant to BrainWaveBank and Sunovion and received speaker’s honoraria from Lundbeck and Janssen Cilag. Annabella Di Girogio is a consultant to Angelini and ROVI. Josselin Houenou has received speaker fees from Eisai. Mikael Landen has received lecture honoraria from Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals outside the present work. Philip B. Mitchell has received remuneration from Janssen (Australia) for lectures and advisory board membership in the last 3 years. Janice M. Fullerton received honoraria from Illumina for contribution to a Speakers Bureau in 2023 and had travel expenses paid by Novo Nordisk Fonden (not related to this work). Ole A. Andreassen is a consultant to Precision Health AS and Cortechs.ai and received speaker’s honoraria from Lundbeck, Janssen, Sunovion, and Otsuka. Lakshmi N Yatham has been on speaker or advisory boards for, or has received research grants from, Alkermes, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, LivaNova, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Intracellular Therapies, Merck, and Sunovion, all outside this work during the past 3 years. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.