Zorumski, Charles F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-5154
Cichon, Joseph
Izumi, Yukitoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-1031
Zeffiro, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-4577
Mennerick, Steven https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-0664
Nagele, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-3858
Conway, Charles R.
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH101874)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH122379)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH101874)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH123748)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH122379)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH108901)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH108901)
WUSTL | Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis | Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM151160-01)
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Revised: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Competing interests
: CFZ served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Sage Therapeutics and had equity in the company. Sage Therapeutics did not fund or participate in this work. PN is a co-founder of NitroTherapeutics, Inc., which aims to develop nitrous oxide as a treatment for mood disorders. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.