Watson, Cameron James https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-4636
Zvrskovec, Johan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8862-0874
Merola, Giuseppe Pierpaolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-0972
Gilchrist, Lachlan
Haussler, Senta M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2447-2324
Schattner, Miryam https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3037-6588
Lo, Chris Wai Hang
Breen, Gerome https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-1792
Murray, Robin M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-0519
Lewis, Cathryn Μ. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8249-8476
Vassos, Evangelos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6363-0438
Funding for this research was provided by:
EV funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).
DH | National Institute for Health Research (ACF-2022-17-009)
JZ is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).
LG is funded by the King’s College London DRIVE-Health Centre for Doctoral Training and the Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science
MS is funded funded by the Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre
Wellcome Trust
CL is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).
Article History
Received: 26 October 2024
Revised: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted using data from the UK Biobank, which has ethical approval from the UK Biobank Research Ethics Committee (approval number 16/NW/0274). Informed consent was obtained from all participants by UK Biobank at the time of enrolment. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.