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Authors
Duan, Changrong
Yu, Zhiqian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-5922
Li, Xue https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3030-1181
Sakai, Mai
Maejima, Yuko
Shimomura, Kenju
Furuyashiki, Tomoyuki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-8399
Kikuchi, Saya
Kobayashi, Natsuko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0675-0772
Sasaki, Kazuto
Matsuki, Tasuku
Komatsu, Hiroshi
Hino, Mizuki
Kunii, Yasuto https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1569-7819
Kasahara, Tomoko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4109-2362
Ishikuro, Mami
Murakami, Keiko
Orui, Masatsugu
Abe, Takaaki
Nagami, Fuji
Fuse, Nobuo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-4746
Ogishima, Soichi
Kinoshita, Kengo
Yamamoto, Masayuki
Nakaya, Naoki
Hozawa, Atsushi
Obara, Taku
Kuriyama, Shinichi
Tomita, Hiroaki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (20K07962, 23K06978)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (22K15742)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (21H04812)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (23K27523)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFS2102)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP22dm0207074)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP24zf0127001)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP20dm0107099)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Revised: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 25 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare that this study was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.
: Human cohort study: All methods were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The human cohort component of this study used data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank (ToMMo) Birth and Three-Generation (TMM BirThree) Cohort Study. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine (approval no. 2024-1-677). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects, including regulations governing human genome and genetic analysis research. All personal information derived from questionnaires, clinical data, and biospecimens was processed exclusively by the independent Anonymization Management Office of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, where personal identifiers were replaced with unique study-specific codes before analysis. Animal study: All animal experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Tohoku University Environmental & Safety Committee (approval no. 2023MdA-023-03) and were conducted in accordance with applicable national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.
