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Authors
Luther, Lauren
Cooper, Jessica A.
Treadway, Michael T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5913-114X
Knippenberg, Anna R.
Walker, Elaine F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9798-8101
Gold, James M.
Waltz, James A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-3719
Schiffman, Jason
Ellman, Lauren M.
Mittal, Vijay A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9017-5119
Zinbarg, Richard E.
Silverstein, Steve M.
Corlett, Philip R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-1992
Powers, Albert R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-5043
Woods, Scott W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3103-5228
Allen, Daniel N.
Lahti, Adrienne C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-7662
Strauss, Gregory P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH119438)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH116039)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120092)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH112925)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH126308)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120090)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH112612)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH112613)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120091)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH112545)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH1120088)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH120089)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2024
Revised: 2 January 2026
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Competing interests
: Dr. Gregory Strauss is one of the original developers of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and receives royalties and consultation fees from Medavante-ProPhase LLC in connection with commercial use of the BNSS and other professional activities; these fees are donated to the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. Dr. Strauss has received honoraria and travel support from Medavante-ProPhase LLC for training pharmaceutical company raters on the BNSS. In the past 2 years, Dr. Strauss has consulted for and/or been on the speaker bureau for Minerva Neurosciences, Acadia, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Otsuka pharmaceutical companies. In the past two years Dr. Treadway has been a paid consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim and Ono Pharmaceuticals. He has received equity from Neuroprism. In addition, Michael Treadway is a co-inventor of the EEfRT, which was used in this study. Emory University and Vanderbilt University have previously licensed this software to commercial entities. Under the IP Policies of both universities, Dr. Treadway has previously received licensing fees and royalties from Neumora (formerly BlackThorn Therapeutics). Additionally, Dr. Treadway has previously been in a paid consulting relationship with Neumora. Currently, Dr. Treadway receives royalties related to the EEfRT from P1Vital, and he is potentially eligible to receive additional royalties in the future. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Emory University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. In the past two years, Dr. Luther has also consulted for Boehringer Ingelheim. All other authors have no relevant disclosures to report.
