Zhao, Pinghan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-619X
El Fadel, Omar
Le, Anh
Mangleburg, Carl Grant
Dhindsa, Justin
Wu, Timothy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-2023
Zhao, Jinghan
Huang, Meichen
Amoh, Bismark
Marella, Aditi Sai
Li, Yarong
Seyfried, Nicholas T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4507-624X
Levey, Allan I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-502X
Liu, Zhandong
Al-Ramahi, Ismael
Botas, Juan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5476-5955
Shulman, Joshua M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-1971
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U01AG061357, R01AG057339, and RF1AG078660)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30AG10161, P30AG72975, R01AG15819, R01AG17917, U01AG46152, and U01AG61356)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P30CA125123, P30CA125123, 1S10OD023469)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP200504)
Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Revised: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project were approved by an Institutional Review Board of Rush University Medical Center (ROS IRB# L91020181, MAP IRB# L86121802). Both studies were conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Each participant signed an informed consent, Anatomic Gift Act, and an RADC Repository consent (IRB# L99032481) allowing data and biospecimens to be repurposed.