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Article History

Received: 20 November 2024

Revised: 17 January 2026

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this study. This research was conducted without any external funding or financial support, ensuring complete independence in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. All authors contributed equally to the research process, including the formulation of the study, the analysis of the data, and the writing of the manuscript. No personal, institutional, or financial relationships with any organizations or entities that could have influenced the outcomes of the research were present. The decision to submit this manuscript for publication was made solely by the authors, with no external pressures or interests involved. All authors are committed to upholding the highest standards of scientific integrity and transparency.

: This study utilized publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, which does not involve direct interaction with human participants or the use of identifiable personal information. Therefore, ethics committee approval was not required for this research. The data used in this study was fully anonymized, and no specific individual-level information was accessed. All analyses were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set forth for secondary data research, ensuring compliance with international standards for the ethical use of health data.