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Authors
Muntané, Gerard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-8365
Shadrin, Alexey
Guardiola-Ripoll, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-5687
O’Connell, Kevin S.
Frei, Oleksandr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-2625
Naerland, Terje
Vilella, Elisabet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1887-5919
Andreassen, Ole A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI21/00612)
Government of Catalonia | Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2021SGR01065)
European Molecular Biology Organization (10126)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (JDC2023-050677-I)
Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (SKGJ-MED-021)
Norges Forskningsråd (324499, 326813, 335258)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Revised: 19 February 2026
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study analyzed publicly available datasets derived from previous studies in which informed consent was obtained from all participants under the original institutional review board approvals. As our research involved secondary analysis of existing de-identified data without direct human subject interaction, additional ethical approval was not required.
: OAA is a consultant to Precision Health AS and Cortechs.ai, and has received speaker’s honnorarium from Lundbeck, Janssen, Otsuka and Lilly. Dr. Frei is a consultant to Precision Health. The rest of the authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
