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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Revised: 28 February 2026

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors report no conflicts with any product mentioned or concept discussed in this article.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study protocol and all procedures were approved by the local ethics committees of participating centers. For dataset 1, approval was granted by the human research ethics committee of Southwest University (IRB No. H25043). For dataset 2, approval was granted by the human ethics committee of The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing (IRB No. 2019016). All participants provided written informed consent for study participation, data collection, and data sharing in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. No identifiable images from human participants are included in this article, and therefore no separate consent for publication of images was required.