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Authors
Fenner, Eilidh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-5768
Holmans, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-9412
O’Donovan, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-2379
Owen, Michael J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-0862
Walters, James T. R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-4053
Rees, Elliott https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6168-9222
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y004094/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/T018712/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y033922/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y004094/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y004094/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y004094/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y004094/1)
Wellcome Trust (108891/B/15/Z /WT)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Revised: 12 March 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Competing interests
: ER, JTRW, MCO and MJO reported receiving grants from Akrivia Health outside the submitted work. JTRW, MJO and MCO reported receiving grants from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd outside the submitted work. Takeda and Akrivia played no part in the conception, design, implementation, or interpretation of this study.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants gave informed consent for their data to be used by UKBB projects and agreed to being followed up. Ethical approval was granted to UKBB by several committees as it spans England, Scotland, and Wales: The Northwest Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee; The Patient Information Advisory Group, which has since been replaced by the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care; and The Community Health Index Advisory Group.
