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Authors
Kochunov, Peter
Gao, Si https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-1142
Salminen, Lauren E.
Jahanshad, Neda
Nir, Talia M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-7443
Thompson, Paul M.
Du, Xiaoming
Adhikari, Bhim M.
Kochunov, Alice
Cassidy, Ryan
Ma, Yizhou
Chiappelli, Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-7439
Ament, Seth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-7509
Pan, Yezhi
Chen, Shuo
Shuldiner, Alan R.
Mitchell, Braxton D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-4744
Soares, L. Jair https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-5628
Hong, L. Elliot
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS114628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (S10OD023696)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB015611)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH108148)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH117601)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH112180)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH133812)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH116948)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH108148)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES033961)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Revised: 16 March 2026
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Competing interests
: There is no other conflict of interest to report.
: All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. ACP study participants gave written informed consent approved by the University of Maryland IRB (HP-00052685). The UK Biobank study received ethics approval from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee (11/NW/03820).
