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Authors
Han, Beth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-1099
Volkow, Nora D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6668-0908
Jones, Christopher M.
Dowell, Deborah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-224X
Baldwin, Grant
Einstein, Emily B.
Subramaniam, Geetha A.
Olsen, Yngvild
Blanco, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-3057
Compton, Wilson M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-5118
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DAZ999999)
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Article History
Received: 21 September 2025
Revised: 13 March 2026
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Competing interests
: Unrelated to the present work, Compton reports long-term stock holdings in General Electric Company, 3 M Companies, and Pfizer Incorporated. Other authors have no conflicts to disclose.
: Dr. Beth Han had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
: The findings and conclusions of this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.
