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Authors
Fodder, Katherine
Smith, Hannah M. G.
Yaman, Umran
Piras, Ignazio S.
Murthy, Megha
Hardy, John
Lashley, Tammaryn
de Silva, Rohan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-5775
Salih, Dervis A.
Bettencourt, Conceição https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9090-7690
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Multiple System Atrophy Trust
RCUK | Medical Research Council
Alzheimer's Society
Alzheimer's Research UK
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Revised: 29 April 2026
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available datasets. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained by the original study investigators, as described in the corresponding publications. No new human participants were recruited or studied directly by the authors and this study does not include identifiable data from human research participants. No additional ethical approval or informed consent were, therefore, required for the present analysis. The study that generated the primary postmortem human DNA methylation brain tissue dataset was approved by the NIMH/NIH Institutional Review Board (protocol 90-M-0142) with informed consent obtained from the legal next of kin. ROSMAP datasets were generated from studies approved by the Rush University Medical Center Institutional Review Board, with informed consent obtained from all participants. The mouse gene expression dataset was generated in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, with local ethical approval and in accordance with the GlaxoSmithKline statement on the use of animals. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
