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Article History

Received: 14 May 2026

Revised: 28 July 2026

Accepted: 7 August 2026

First Online: 4 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interest: M.E. has received support from The Turunmaa Local Branch of the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, The Finnish Parkinson Foundation, The Finnish Medical Foundation, Maire Taponen Foundation, The Finnish Brain Foundation, Orion Research Foundation, Finnish Cultural Foundation and Turku University Hospital (VTR-funds). E.H. and T.V. declare that they have no conflict of interest. J.J. has received research funding from the Research Council of Finland, Finnish Medical Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Signe & Ane Gyllenberg’s Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg’s Foundation, Finnish Parkinson Foundation, Turku University Hospital (VTR), Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, Dysphonia international, and Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, lecturer honoraria from Insightec, Addiktum, Nordic Infucare, Lundbeck and Novartis, conference travel support from Abbvie, Abbott and Insightec, and consultancy fees from Summaryx, Adamant Health and TEVA Finland; acts as an advisory board member for TEVA Finland; and owns stock of Neurologic Finland and Suomen Neurolaboratorio. V.K. has received research funding from the Finnish Parkinson Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Turku University Foundation, the Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation and Turku University Hospital (VTR-funds). He has received speaker honoraria from Lundbeck, Bial, Abbvie, Nordic Infucare AB, Orion Pharma, Eisai, and Teva, and travel support from Nordic Infucare AB, and acts as an advisory board member for Abbvie, Nordic Infucare AB and Orion Pharma.

Ethics declaration: This meta-analysis used previously published data and did not involve new recruitment of human participants or collection of identifiable individual-level data; therefore, ethics committee approval and new informed consent were not required.