Feng, Austin Y.
Barbosa, Daniel A. N.
Casey, Austen B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-851X
Rijsketic, Daniel Ryskamp https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-0730
Salgado, Juliana S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3687-846X
Huang, Harvey
Malenka, Robert C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-5211
Hermes, Dora https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-8909
Miller, Kai J.
Halpern, Casey H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-216X
Heifets, Boris D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-0379
Article History
Received: 14 December 2024
Revised: 27 July 2026
Accepted: 7 August 2026
First Online: 18 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare the following competing interests: CHH receives consulting and speaking honoraria from Boston Scientific and Insightec. DANB receives speaking honoraria from Boston Scientific. CHH, DANB have unrelated patents owned by Stanford University related to sensing and brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: USPTO Serial Number: 63/170,404 and 63/220,432. International Publication Number: WO 2022/212891 A1 (International Publication Date: October 6, 2022). CHH and DANB have patents owned by Stanford University related to using advanced imaging for circuit-based brain stimulation: USPTO Serial Number: 63/210,472. International Publication Number: WO 2022/266000 (International Publication Date: December 22, 2022). BDH is a co-founder of Ocellaris Inc., on the scientific advisory boards of Osmind and Journey Clinical and has consulted for Abbvie, Arcadia Medicine, Tactogen, and Vida Ventures. DRR is an employee of TensorAnalytics, LLC. The other authors declare no relevant competing interests to disclose.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All animal procedures followed the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and received approval from the Stanford University Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care (#32691). Informed consent for participation in research is approved by the institutional ethical committee and obtained according to the Declaration of Helsinki. It is covered by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (IRB-11354).