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Article History

Received: 29 August 2024

Revised: 9 December 2024

Accepted: 13 December 2024

First Online: 30 December 2024

Competing interests

: Dr. Kraus received honoraria from Janssen and LivaNova, as well as travel support from Roche Austria and AOP Orphan. Dr. Lanzenberger received investigator-initiated research funding from Siemens Healthcare regarding clinical research using PET/MR and travel grants and/or conference speaker honoraria from Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH in 2023, and Bruker BioSpin, Shire, AstraZeneca, Lundbeck A/S, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH, Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, Heel and Roche Austria GmbH., and Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH in the years before 2020. He is a shareholder of the start-up company BM Health GmbH, Austria since 2019. Dr. Zarate is listed as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of ketamine in major depression and suicidal ideation; as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine, (S)-dehydronorketamine, and other stereoisomeric dehydroxylated and hydroxylated metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine metabolites in the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain; and as a co-inventor on a patent application for the use of (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine in the treatment of depression, anxiety, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress disorders. He has assigned his patent rights to the U.S. government but will share a percentage of any royalties that may be received by the government. All other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise.