Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 March 2025

Revised: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 30 June 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Competing interests

: Dr. Lewis has received research grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation as the Alan G. Ross Memorial Investigator, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation, and the University of Minnesota. He served as a site investigator for multicenter studies funded by Neuronetics, Inc. and NeoSync, Inc. He has received a speaker’s honorarium and travel expenses from CentraCare Health System, Inc. Dr. Lewis is employed by the University of Minnesota. Dr. Klimes-Dougan has received research grant funding from National Institutes of Health and the University of Minnesota. She is employed by the University of Minnesota. Dr. Croarkin has received research support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, and the Mayo Clinic Foundation. He has received research support from Pfizer, Inc. and has received grant-in-kind equipment support from Neuronetics, Inc., and MagVenture, Inc. for investigator-initiated studies. He received grant-in-kind supplies and genotyping from Assurex Health, Inc. for an investigator-initiated study. Dr. Croarkin served as the principal investigator for a multicenter study funded by Neuronetics, Inc. and a site principal investigator for studies funded by Innosphere and NeoSync, Inc. He served as a paid consultant for Engrail Therapeutics, Meta Platforms, Inc., MindMed, Myriad Neuroscience, Procter & Gamble Company, and Sunovion. Dr. Croarkin receives compensation as the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. He is employed by Mayo Clinic. Dr. Cullen has received research grant funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Minnesota State Arts Board, the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, and the University of Minnesota. She receives compensation from the National Institutes of Health for service reviewing grants and from the Food and Drug Administration for serving on the Pediatric Advisory Committee. Dr. Cullen receives compensation for service on data and safety monitoring boards in studies funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. She is employed by the University of Minnesota.