Zhang, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5330-8218
Kong, Xiangxu
Qu, Haoran
Gao, Yi
Guan, Zhengyao
Zhou, Huaxin
Yin, Zhaoqing
Lu, Kangping
Wang, Wei https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3994-2433
Zhai, Xiangyu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-5769
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Key Research and Development Program of China
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82403916)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M742128)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024QH227)
Article History
Received: 15 November 2024
Revised: 27 February 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2025
First Online: 3 April 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods in this study were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki for human participants and the ARRIVE guidelines for animal experiments. Ethics approval for the research involving live vertebrates (animals) was obtained from the Animal Use and Care Committee of the Second Hospital of Shandong University (License No. KYLL2024857). Ethics approval for the use of human samples and data was granted by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Shandong University (License No. KYLL2023413). Informed consent was obtained from all human participants prior to their inclusion in the study. No participants under the age of 18 were involved in this research. Additionally, written informed consent for the publication of identifiable images was obtained separately from all participants whose images are included in this manuscript.