De Mattia, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4948-8767
Park, Yoomi
Peruzzi, Elena
Zhou, Yitian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3066-5444
Roncato, Rossana
Polesel, Jerry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-1520
Scarabel, Lucia
Schwab, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-075X
Guchelaar, Henk-Jan
Swen, Jesse Joachim
Spina, Michele
Puglisi, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-4938
Toffoli, Giuseppe
Lauschke, Volker M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-6204
Cecchin, Erika https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-7490
Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Revised: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Competing interests
: VML is co-founder, CEO and shareholder of HepaPredict AB, as well as co-founder and shareholder of Shanghai Hepo Biotechnology Ltd. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: The study population was selected from the prospective PREPARE trial (NCT03093818, ClinicalTrials.gov). The PREPARE study adhered to the principles outlined in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki (with the 1983 revision) and was granted ethical approval by the local ethic committee. All patients provided written informed consent before entering the study to donate their anonymized blood samples for further studies including NGS analysis. All experiments were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano.