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Authors
Ding, Wei
Ding, Zihan
Zeng, Qinghong
Qiu, Yan
Donnelly, Christopher R.
Wu, Yuqi
Jiang, Yuchen
Han, Qi
Xu, Hao
Cui, Hao
Liu, Xiangfei
Chen, Xin
Jiang, Sixin
Huang, Mei
Pan, Dan
Yang, Dan
Li, Li
Yao, Lihong
Tang, Minghai
Li, Jing
Li, Taiwen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-8196
Xu, Xiaoping
Chen, Qianming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-4432
Zhao, Hang
Li, Longyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-0229
Jiang, Lu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-7575
Luo, Xiaobo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-8554
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Revised: 12 October 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. A total of 27 biopsy specimens from patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia (OLK) and OLK with malignant transformation at the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, were included in this study. Histopathological evaluation of all specimens was independently performed by two certified pathologists. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University (approval numbers: WCHSIRB-AT-2025-402 and WCHSIRB-D-2025-062). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.
