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Authors
Xiao, Mengqing
Ma, Yanni
Zhang, Ganghua
Chen, Guanjun
Zhu, Yuxing
Liu, Xiaoming
Cheng, Yaxin
Feng, Ziyang
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Article History
Received: 16 May 2025
Revised: 14 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (No. 2021-S141). All the animals received human care. Ten human bladder cancer specimens were collected from the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between January 2019 and December 2023, and patient consent was waived due to the retrospective design of the study and approval from the ethics committee.
