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Authors
Kim, Jun-Kyum
Park, Min Gi
Ham, Seok Won
Yoon, Seunghyun
Kim, Sua
Jang, Junseok
Kim, Hyejin
Hong, Nayoung
Park, Jong Min
Park, Cheol Gyu
Park, Min Ji https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-7633
Choi, Sang-Hun
Kim, Jung Yun
Jeon, Hee-Young
Seo, Sunyoung
Lee, Seon Yong
Lee, Yeri
Cho, Hee Jin
Gwak, Minseo
Kim, Eun-Jung
Eun, Kiyoung
Shin, Yong Jae
Nam, Do-Hyun
Kim, Se Hoon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-7372
Yoo, Seung Jun
Kim, Hyunggee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-1663
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (2017M3A9A8031425)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2020R1A2C2099669)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022M3E5F2019255)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00218838)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2016M3C7A1913844)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (RS-2022-00166323)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (HI14C3418)
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 19 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All GBM specimens were collected with written informed consent from the patients under protocols approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Samsung Medical Center (2005-04-001 and 2010-04-004). All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the institution where the experiments were conducted. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the approved protocol in a specific pathogen-free facility at Korea University (approval no. KUIACUC-2019-0022).
