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Authors
Heil, Brittany N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8892-8564
Baral, Garima https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-921X
Pfeffer, Claire M.
Bahler, Mei B. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6945-7141
Gulavani, Sanika S.
Smith, Emily G.
Gartenhaus, Lauren E.
Darling, Anna K.
Clifford, Sydney J. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7163-7581
Smith-Kinnaman, Whitney
Hansen, Kasi
Doud, Emma H.
Mall, Gaganpreet K.
Hata, Aaron N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6127-318X
Anderson, Nicole L.
Olson, Matthew R.
Allen-Petersen, Brittany L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-9412
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (P30CA082709)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (P30CA023168)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (R01CA137008)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR002529)
Ralph W. and Grace M. Showalter Research Trust Fund (41000747)
American Lung Association (ALAIA-1452272)
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Revised: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Competing interests
: ANH receives research support from Amgen, BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, C4 Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Nuvalent, Pfizer, Scorpion Therapeutics and Triana Biomedicines; has served as a paid consultant for Amgen, Chugai, Engine Biosciences, Nuvalent, Oncovalent, Pfizer, TigaTx, Tolremo Therapeutics. These activities are unrelated to the current studies. All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest.
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. De-identified primary patient-derived cell lines were provided by Dr. Aaron Hata at Massachusetts General Hospital and Dana-Farber-Harvard Cancer Center [17, 18]. All patients signed informed consent to participate in a Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center Institutional Review Board–approved protocol (DFCI 13-416), giving permission for research to be performed on their samples. All animal studies were performed in compliance with Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN) animal use guidelines after approval by the Purdue Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (PACUC #1910001962).
