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Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Revised: 27 April 2026

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The animal experiments in our study were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Approval number: IACUC-20230918-11). The clinical study of combining hepatic arterial bicarbonate infusion with Tislelizumab was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with written informed consent obtained from all patients, and approval from the hospital’s Institutional Review Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval number 2021-1021)(ChiCTR registration number: ChiCTR2100053537). The retrospective clinical study was approved and monitored by the hospital’s Institutional Review Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval number: 2024-1593). For the use of MRI images and pathological slides, patients’ consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board (The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine).