Thng, Dexter Kai Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1325-4347
Hooi, Lissa
Yong, Wai Khang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-9085
Kappei, Dennis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3582-2253
Toh, Tan Boon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-6985
Chow, Edward Kai-Hua
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National University of Singapore (NUS) Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM) Core Funding
Cancer Science Institute of Singapore Research Centres of Excellence (RCE) Main Grant
Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Revised: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval and informed consent were not required for this study, as no human participants were recruited and no animal experiments were conducted in this study.