Li, Yi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7903-036X
Huang, Chuying
Zhang, Chu
Feng, Lian
Lin, Huiyun
Yao, Jiannan
Luo, Shu
Shi, Jinsen
Yang, Yuping
Cao, Zhiyun
Weygant, Nathaniel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7861-6532
Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 12 May 2026
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Three CRC patient-derived organoids (PDOs), T1101, T0528, and T0714, were established with approval of the Ethics Committee of Fuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (AF/SC-08/03.3, approval date: 15 April 2021). The use of human CRC surgical biopsies was granted approval by the Ethics Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SPHFJP-T2022001-01). Informed consent was obtained from all patients. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University (Approval No. IACUC-FPH-SL-20251107[1134]).