Swann, Olivia V.
Pollock, Louisa
Holden, Karl A.
Munro, Alasdair P. S.
Bennett, Aisleen
Williams, Thomas C.
Turtle, Lance
Fairfield, Cameron J.
Drake, Thomas M.
Faust, Saul N.
Sinha, Ian P.
Roland, Damian
Whittaker, Elizabeth
Ladhani, Shamez N.
Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S.
Girvan, Michelle
Donohue, Chloe
Donegan, Cara
Spencer, Rebecca G.
Hardwick, Hayley E.
Openshaw, Peter J. M.
Baillie, J. Kenneth
Harrison, Ewen M.
Docherty, Annemarie B.
Semple, Malcolm G.
,
Article History
Received: 4 October 2021
Revised: 9 December 2021
Accepted: 13 December 2021
First Online: 22 April 2022
Competing interests
: C.J.F. reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports a Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Research Training Fellowship, outside the submitted work. JKB reports institutional grants from DHSC National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR UK) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), during the conduct of the study; but reports no competing interests outside the submitted work. J.S.N-V-T. reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports secondment to the Department of Health and Social Care, England (DHSC). J.S.N-V-T. is an official Observer at, but not a member of, the Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). The views expressed in this manuscript are those of its authors and not necessarily those of DHSC or the JCVI. L.T. reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports payment to the University of Liverpool from Eisai ltd for a lecture on COVID and cancer, outside of the submitted work. M.G.S. reports grants from National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR), Medical Research Council UK (MRC) and Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, during the conduct of the study; and is chair of the Infectious Diseases Science Advisory Board and minority owner of Integrum Scientific, Greensboro NC, outside the submitted work. P.J.M.O. reports grant support from Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR) and Medical Research Council UK (MRC), during the conduct of the study; and reports collaborative grant support for EMINENT consortium from MRC/GSK and payment to Imperial College from Affnivax, Oxford Immunotech, Nestle and Pfizer, outside of the conduct of the study. P.J.M.O. reports payment to Imperial College London by Jansen (J&J) for chairing a symposium and delivering a lecture. P.J.M.O. was Past President of British Society for Immunology (unpaid), outside of the conduct of the study. S.N.F. reports a grant (NIHR Senior Investigator Award) to his institution from National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR), during the conduct of the study; and has been a clinical trial investigator on behalf of institution for Pfizer, Sanofi, GSK, J&J, Merck, AstraZeneca and Valenva, outside of the conduct of the study. No personal payments of any kind were given for these. S.N.F. also reports institutional fees for speaking at a symposiums for Pfizer for meningococcal vaccines (2018 and 2019) and pneumococcal vaccines (2021); as well as institutional fees for advisory board participation for AstraZeneca, Medimmune, Sanofi, Pfizer, Seqirus, Sandoz, Merck and J&J. S.N.F. was also Chair of UK NICE Sepsis (2014–16) and Lyme Disease (2016–18) Guidelines (adults and children) with expenses paid in line with NICE financial regulations. T.M.D. reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports grant funding to institution for Aligos therapeutics for work on hepatobiliary cancer, outside of the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: In England and Wales routine anonymised data from medical records was collected without the need for consent under regulation 3 (4) of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002. In Scotland, a waiver of need for consent was obtained from the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel. Ethical approval was given by the South Central–Oxford C Research Ethics Committee in England (reference 13/SC/0149) and the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/SS/0028).