Ding, Guodong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9361
Wen, Chaochao https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1443-3083
Chen, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-5134
Vinturache, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-2616
Zhang, Yongjun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9326-1012
Article History
Received: 1 December 2024
Accepted: 14 December 2024
First Online: 12 January 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: NHANES was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board and written consent was obtained from participants’ parent. Because the data are publicly available and anonymized, institutional review board approval was not required for this study.