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Article History

Received: 19 September 2024

Revised: 9 December 2024

Accepted: 28 December 2024

First Online: 24 January 2025

Competing interests

: O.D. and F.K. are supported by a Clinical Research Scholars Award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec—Santé. S.A.H. received funding from multiple vaccine manufacturers to undertake phase 1–3 clinical trials of candidate COVID-19 vaccines. J.P. reported grants from Merck, and personal fees from Enanta, outside the submitted work. M.S. is supported via salary awards from the BC Children’s Hospital Foundation and Michael Smith Health Research BC. M.S. has also been an investigator on projects funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Pasteur. All funds have been paid to his institute, and he has not received any personal payments. K.A.T. received grants from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations outside the submitted work. S.K.M. has received honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi Pasteur and has been a member of ad hoc advisory boards for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, and Apotex, all unrelated to this study. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: The CPSP collects data elements for national child and youth health surveillance purposes on PHAC’s behalf, whose purpose is to support health protection and promotion under the Department of Health Act 4(2)c and the Public Health Agency of Canada Act 3(15). Healthcare providers are authorized under their provincial health privacy legislation (with the exception of Quebec) to disclose protected health information to public health agencies at the local, provincial, and federal levels for surveillance purposes. CPSP does not collect any individual data elements deemed to be unique identifiers. In Quebec, CPSP studies are conducted under center-specific research ethics board approvals and data transfer agreements. This is consistent with the Canadian Medical Association and Tri-Council Policy Statements, which allow for the collection of non-nominal and nonidentifiable information for conditions under surveillance. For the IMPACT COVID-19, investigators at each IMPACT center also obtained Research Ethics Board or hospital approvals from their institution, and received waivers of consent for secondary use of patient-level data.