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Authors
Li, Keyi
Guo, Chunhong
Yin, Yishan
Chen, Xiaojun
Zheng, Mingxuan
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Revised: 17 April 2025
Accepted: 3 May 2025
First Online: 2 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized publicly available data from the NHANES, which is conducted by the CDC. NHANES received approval from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board, and informed consent was obtained from all participants or their guardians. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis, as the data were fully anonymized and de-identified prior to access.
