Toot, Jonathan D.
Pershing, Michelle L.
Berenson, Aaron L.
Grossi, Stephen E.
Stoll, Shaunrick A.
Nallu, Loren A.
Chiebuka, Emmanuel J.
Hill, Crystal D.
Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Written informed consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian for all newborn participants involved in this study. Written informed consent was also obtained from the adult who provided whole blood for spiked samples.