Lyons-Reid, Jaz
Derraik, José G. B.
Ward, Leigh C.
Tint, Mya-Thway
Albert, Benjamin B.
Monnard, Cathriona R.
Ramos Nieves, J. Manuel
Kenealy, Timothy
Godfrey, Keith M.
Chan, Shiao-Yng
Cutfield, Wayne S.
Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Revised: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Competing interests
: L.C.W. provides consultancy services to ImpediMed Ltd (a manufacturer of devices for bioelectrical impedance analysis). ImpediMed Ltd was not involved in the inception and conduct of this research or in writing this manuscript. C.R.M. and J.M.R.N. are employees of Société des Produits Nestlé SA. K.M.G., S.Y.C., and W.S.C. are part of an academic consortium that has received grants from Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures were approved by the Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee New Zealand (15/NTA/21). Written informed consent was obtained from the mothers of the participants.