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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Revised: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 21 January 2026

Competing interests

: Stéphane Auvin is Deputy Editor for Epilepsia. He has received personal fees for lectures or advice from: Angelini, Biocodex, Eisai, Encoded, GRIN Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Longboard, Neuraxpharm, Nutricia, Orion, Proveca, Servier, Stoke, UCB Pharma, Xenon. He has been investigator for: Eisai, Marinus, Proveca, Takeda, UCB Pharma. Cia Sharpe has done consulting work for SunPharma. Sonya Wang currently has grant funding through NIH/NIMH and FDA. Hannah Glass has had NIH/NINDS grants, served as Medicolegal expert witness, Spouse holds shares in ELEMENO Health. Janet Soul has received research funding from NIH/NINDS grants and royalties for Peer review for UpToDate. Ronit M. Pressler is an associate editor for Epilepsia-Open; acts as an Investigator for studies with UCB Pharma; has received honoraria from Longboard, Natus, Kephala, Autifony, and UCB Pharma for services on advisory bords, teaching or consultancy work; is supported by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital, Evelyn Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR. The authors (BP, AVK, NM, CAH, HR, CB, KS, SD, MCA) declare no conflicts or financial interest in any product or service mentioned in the manuscript, including grants, equipment, medications, employment, gifts, and honoraria. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as the position of the UK MHRA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health, or the Department of Health and Human Services.