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Authors
Lin, Shu-Yu
Wen, Yu-Ching
Weng, Yi-Hao
Chung, Cho-Hsing
Yang, Yu-Hsiang
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Article History
Received: 31 August 2025
Revised: 16 November 2025
Accepted: 7 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Regarding ethical approval, per the TriNetX publication guidelines “This retrospective study is exempt from informed consent. The data reviewed is a secondary analysis of existing data, does not involve intervention or interaction with human subjects, and is de-identified per the de-identification standard defined in Section §164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This formal determination by a qualified expert was refreshed on December 2020.” ( , accessed January 12, 2025).
