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Authors
Jiang, Ping-Ping
Huang, Hai-Yun
Zhao, Lu
He, Zhongqian
Li, Xiaodong
Yan, Xudong
Li, Yanqi
Möller, Sören
Zachariassen, Gitte
Zhou, Ping
Sangild, Per Torp
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Revised: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Competing interests
: This study is partially financially supported by Biofiber Damino A/S, a Danish company that donated the bovine colostrum used for the study. University of Copenhagen holds a patent (Eur. Patent no. EP2858653A1) on the use of bovine colostrum for preterm infants. Per Torp Sangild, listed as the sole inventor, has declined any share of potential revenue arising from the commercialisation of such a patent. Other authors have no conflicts of interest or financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethical committee. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of all participants involved in the study.
