Kraemer, Megan K.
Johnson, Tricia J.
Bell, Katherine A.
Mulcahy, Delaney C.
Cerwinske, Leah A.
Patra, Kousiki
Appelhans, Bradley M.
David, Jieun
Belfort, Mandy Brown
Diep, Quyen M.
Patel, Aloka L.
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Revised: 12 December 2025
Accepted: 27 December 2025
First Online: 27 February 2026
Competing interests
: Dr. Patel serves as a consultant for Medela LLC. Dr. Johnson serves as a consultant for Medela AG. The other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
: Written informed consent was obtained from parent/guardian at time of enrollment for all subjects.