Kraemer, Megan K.
Johnson, Tricia J.
Bell, Katherine A.
Mulcahy, Delaney C.
Cerwinske, Leah A.
Patra, Kousiki
Appelhans, Bradley M.
David, Jieun
Belfort, Mandy Brown
Diep, Quyen M.
Patel, Aloka L.
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Revised: 12 December 2025
Accepted: 27 December 2025
First Online: 27 February 2026
Change Date: 30 April 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: The wrong Supplementary file was originally published with this article; it has now been replaced with the correct file. In Table 1 of this article, characteristic ‘Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI’ has been corrected to ‘Maternal BMI’.
Change Date: 4 May 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05062-9
Competing interests
: Dr. Patel serves as a consultant for Medela LLC. Dr. Johnson serves as a consultant for Medela AG. The other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
: Written informed consent was obtained from parent/guardian at time of enrollment for all subjects.