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Article History

Received: 11 December 2025

Revised: 1 March 2026

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Competing interests

: Politecnico di Milano University, Institution of C.V. and R.L.D., received grants from Restech, Philips Healthcare, and Zoll Medical; R.L.D. holds a patent for the detection of expiratory flow limitation by oscillometry, for which royalties are paid by Philips Respironics and Restech srl outside the submitted work; a patent on monitoring lung volume recruitment by oscillometry with royalties paid by Zoll Medical; a patent on early detection of exacerbations by home monitoring of oscillometry with royalties paid by Restech, outside the submitted work; he is co-founder and shareholder of Restech Srl, a spin-off company of Politecnico di Milano producing medical devices for lung function testing based on oscillometry. A.L. reports to be a consultant for Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Zoll Medical, and Getinge. The other authors have nothing to disclose.