Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 February 2025

Revised: 23 February 2026

Accepted: 7 March 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Competing interests

: C.B. reports personal support from NIHR Advanced Fellowship; grants from National Institute for Health Research; personal fees to support attendance at educational events from Chiesi Pharmaceuticals; she is deputy chair of the NIHR HTA Prioritisation committee for hospital-based care.

: Individual patient consent was not required for this study, as it used anonymised data from the National Neonatal Research Database (NNRD). The study was conducted under ethical approval granted from East Midlands – Leicester South Research Ethics Committee as part of the neoWONDER research program (Ref 21/EM/0130 IRAS Project ID 293603), which allows the use of routinely collected neonatal data for research purposes. All data were handled in accordance with relevant data protection and confidentiality regulations.