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Authors
Yi, Da-Zhuang
Liu, Yu-Tong
Jiao, Yan
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Revised: 22 April 2026
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 16 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a publicly available dataset. As the study did not involve direct interaction with human participants, and all data were anonymized before analysis, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required.
