Luo, Xingguo
Zhou, Jiaxin
Zhang, Zhicheng
Liu, Zhenmin
Wang, Chong
Zhang, Qiang
Kong, Xiaoyan
Long, Chunlan
Shen, Lianju
Wu, Shengde
Hua, Yi
Zhang, Deying
Wei, Guanghui
Liu, Xing
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine at Chongqing Medical University (3001112)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82501925)
the Clinical Intervention for Structural Abnormalities of the Pediatric Urogenital System (CSTB2025TIAD-LYKJXZJSYYX0005)
Article History
Received: 1 February 2026
Revised: 14 May 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, and informed consent was obtained from each participant’s legal guardian. Clinical trial number: 2024-142. All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (No. CHCMU-IACUC20240412008).