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Article History

Received: 28 February 2024

Revised: 18 June 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2024

First Online: 12 August 2024

Competing interests

: The authors report the following competing interests. AO has received institutional funding for service as an advisor/consultant for AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, Molecular Partners, MSD, Myriad, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, Merck & Co., Inc., MSD, and Novartis; has received institutional funding for serving as a speaker for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, and MSD; has received institutional research funding from Janssen and TEVA; and has received travel, accommodations, or expenses from Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, and Sanofi Aventis. AP has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, and Pfizer; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Exelixis, Medison Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, and Roche; and has received travel, accommodations, or expenses from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Pfizer. AJtT, SF, and TE declare no conflicts of interest. CJH has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dynavax, Foundation Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Seagen, and Tempus; has received personal fees for service as an invited speaker from Bristol Myers Squibb and Eisai; has served as a steering committee member for Merck & Co., Inc. and Seagen (no financial interest); and has received institutional research funding from AbbVie, Alkermes, Astellas, Bayer, Bellicum, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dynavax, Genentech, Janssen, Mirati, NeoImmune Tech, Pfizer, Phosplatin, and Prometheus. CF has received honoraria from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Knights Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche Canada; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, and Roche; has received personal fees for service as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Knights Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., and Novartis; has received personal fees for expert testimony from Seattle Genetics/Astellas; and has received institutional research funding from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Immunomedics, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, and Zymeworks. CH has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for EMD Serono, Genzyme, and Tempus; holds stock in Johnson and Johnson; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Bayer, Exelixis, Genentech, Merck & Co., Inc., and Seagen; and has received travel, accommodations, or expense from Bayer, Dendreon, Genentech, Janssen, and Merck & Co., Inc. CN is an employee of MSD China. CHP, CS, and PQ are employees of and own stock in Merck & Co., Inc. DK has received honoraria from Exelixis and Pfizer; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Aveo, Eisai, Exelixis, Merck & Co., Inc., Myovant, and Sanofi; and has received personal fees for service as a speaker for Aveo, Janssen, MJH life science, Sanofi, and Seagen. ESA has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Aadi Bioscience, Aikido Pharma, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blue Earth Diagnostics, CM Propel, Corcept Therapeutics, EcoR1, Foundation Medicine, Hookipa Pharma, Ismar, Janssen, KeyQuest Health, MacroGenics, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi, Tempus, UroWebinar, and Z-Alpha; has received institutional research funding from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Constellation Pharma, Merck & Co., Inc., and Sanofi; has received travel, accommodations, or expense from Sanofi; and holds patents with Qiagen. HU has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, Sanofi, and Takeda; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, and Sanofi. JSdB has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Bioxcel Therapeutics, Daiichi, Genentech/Roche, GSK, Harpoon, ImCheck Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, and Sanofi Aventis; has received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Cellcentric, Daiichi, Genentech, Genmab, GSK, Janssen, Merck Serono, MSD, Menarini/Silicon Biosystems, Orion, Sanofi Aventis, Sierra Oncology, Taiho, Pfizer, and Vertex; and was named as an inventor (without financial interest) for patent 8,822,438 submitted by Janssen that covers the use of abiraterone acetate with corticosteroids. The Institute of Cancer Research has a commercial interest in abiraterone and PARP inhibition in DNA repair defective cancers and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors (no personal income). JSdB is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. JNG has received institutional funding from Astellas, Clovis, Curium, Janssen, Merck & Co., Inc., Pfizer, and Sanofi; and has served as a non-remunerated consultant for Curium, Janssen, and Merck & Co., Inc. LS is an employee of and owns stock in Merck & Co., Inc., and has an immediate family member who is an employee of and owns stock in Bristol Myers Squibb. RdW has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, Bayer, Hengrui, Merck & Co., Inc., and Orion; and has received institutional research funding from Bayer. RJJ has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant and as a speaker for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Eisai, Janssen, Ipsen, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis/AAA, and Pfizer; has received travel, accommodations, or expenses from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, and MSD; and has received research funding from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Clovis, Exelixis, and Roche. RSM has received honoraria from Astellas, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Ipsen, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; has received personal fees for service as a speaker for MSD; has received institutional research funding from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, and MSD; and has received travel, accommodations, or expenses from Ipsen, Janssen, Pfizer, and Roche. STT has received honoraria from AAA/Novartis, AbbVie, AIkido Pharma, Amgen, Astellas, Bayer, Blue Earth, Clarity, Clovis, Convergent Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Dendreon, EMD Serono, Endocyte, Eisai, Genentech, Genomic Health, Immunomedics, Janssen, Karyopharm, Medivation, Merck & Co., Inc., Myovant, Pfizer, POINT Biopharma, QED, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Tolmar, and Telix Pharma; has received institutional funding from AbbVie, Ambrx Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Atlab, Aveo, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Dendreon, Endocyte, Genentech, Gilead, Immunomedics, Inovio, Janssen, Karyopharm, Lilly, Medivation, Merck & Co., Inc., Millennium, Newlink, Novartis, POINT Biopharma, Progenics, Rexahn, Sanofi, and Seattle Genetics; and has patents, licensing, royalties, or other intellectual property with Gilead. UNV has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant from Aldermes, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Gilead, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, Pfizer, and Seagen; has received personal fees for service as a speaker for Bayer, Exelixis, and Genzyme; has received research funding from Merck & Co., Inc., and Bristol Myers Squibb; and serves as a board member for the Michigan Society of Hematology/Oncology. WRG has received institutional funding for service as an advisor/consultant for Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, and MSD; and has received personal fees and institutional funding for service as a speaker for Bayer and MSD. YF has received honoraria from Astellas, Ferring, Janssen, TerSera, and Tolmar; has received personal fees for service as an advisor/consultant for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Ferring, Janssen, Merck & Co., Inc., TerSera, and Tolmar; has received travel, accommodations, or expenses from TerSera; and has received institutional funding from IMVinc, Merck & Co., Inc., and TerSera.