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Article History

Received: 9 June 2025

Revised: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Competing interests

: Neal Shore has received honoraria from Bayer, Janssen, Dendreon, Tolmar, Ferring, Astellas, Amgen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck, Sumitomo, Lantheus, Clarity, Telix, Daiichi-Sankyo,. Alicia Morgans has received honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, AAA, Bayer, Exelixis, Lantheus, Novartis, Pfizer, Myovant, Myriad, Merck, Sanofi, Telix. Martin Bögemann has received honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, AAA, Amgen, Bayer, Exelixis, Novartis, Pfizer, Lilly, MSD, BMS, Merck, Janssen, Gilead, EUSApham, Eisai. Noman Paracha and Elaine Gallaher are employees at Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. Howard Thom is shareholder and David Aceituno and Philip Orishaba are employees of Clifton Insight which has received consulting fees from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Novartis, MSD, Merck, Janssen, Pfizer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Argenx, Amicus, Baxter, and Roche. Dr. Christopher Wallis is supported by the Hold’em for Life Early Career Professor in Cancer Research, a University limited-term named professorship at the University of Toronto. Consulting Fees: Janssen Oncology, Nanostics Inc, Precision Point Specialty LLC, SESEN Bio; Honoraria/Travel: AbbVie, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, EMD Serono, Haymarket Media, Healing and Cancer Foundation, Intuitive Surgical, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Science & Medicine Canada, Pfizer, TerSera Canada, Tolmar Pharmaceuticals Canada; Research Funding: Knight Therapeutics, Tolmar Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Sunnybrook HSC AFP. Quoc-Dien Trinh reports consulting fees from Astellas, Bayer, Intuitive Surgical, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and research funding from the American Cancer Society, Pfizer Global Medical Grants (Prostate Cancer Disparities #63354905), and a Health Disparity Research Award from the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (#PC220551). Keith Abrams is an ad hoc paid consultant to Bayer, as well as providing unrelated methodological and strategic advice to the pharmaceutical and life sciences industry. He has received unrelated research funding from Bayer, Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries & Associations (EFPIA), Pfizer, Sanofi and Swiss Precision Diagnostics. He is a Partner and Director of Visible Analytics Limited. He is also a member of the NICE Diagnostics Advisory Committee, the NICE Decision and Technical Support Units, and is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) senior investigator emeritus. Stephen Stefani is an ad hoc paid consultant to Bayer, as well as providing unrelated methodological and strategic advice to the pharmaceutical and life sciences industry. He has received unrelated consultant fee from Bayer, Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Takeda, Beigene, Libbs, Adium and UNIMED. He is head of Health Technology Assessment for UNIMED Central RS and chair of the board of Americas Health Foundation.

: Ethical approval was not required for this study because the study used previously published data and does not involve human participants or identifiable personal data.