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Article History

Received: 7 June 2025

Revised: 7 December 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Peng Bo reports that the project was funded by the Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital’s Research Physician Programme and technical support for the P100 Shockwave Therapy Instrument from Wikkon Precision Technologies. To ensure the independence and transparency of the study, all participants adhered to strict conflict of interest management procedures throughout the research process. The study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results were conducted solely by the research team, with no intervention or influence from the sponsor. Furthermore, no direct or indirect financial support was received from the sponsor by any of the researchers during the study. All potential conflicts of interest and ethical considerations have been disclosed in the manuscript. The results and conclusions of this study are entirely based on data and scientific evidence, and the research team ensures that all findings are independent of the sponsor. There are no disputes of interest and we would like to express our gratitude.

: All authors of this article participated in the study and agreed to the article being submitted to the journal, and a signed statement from all authors can be uploaded if required.