Higgins, Michelle I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-5274
Su, Zhuo Tony
Mamawala, Mufaddal
Jing, Yuezhou
Landis, Patricia K.
Alshak, Mark N.
Grutman, Aurora J.
Rivera Lopez, Carlos A. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6058-6635
Pavlovich, Christian P.
Trock, Bruce J.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Persky Scholarship, a Johns Hopkins Urology Intramural Grant
Patrick C. Walsh Prostate Cancer Research Fund
Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Revised: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Competing interests
: BJT reported receiving personal fees for consulting from Emmes Inc and Myriad Genetics and grants from MDxHealth outside the submitted work. No other disclosures to report.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the Johns Hopkins IRB (number NA_00045103). Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of active surveillance enrollment. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.