Bleve, Sara https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2704-1423
Ravera, Francesco
Rodrigues, Silvia
Pederzoli, Filippo
Pakula, Hubert
Brighi, Nicole
Giunta, Emilio Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-4469
Schepisi, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-4869
Virga, Alessandra
Gurioli, Giorgia
Burgio, Salvatore Luca
Fanelli, Giuseppe Nicolo’ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-7980
Butler, Lisa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-3220
Nanus, David M.
Swinnen, Johannes V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-5077
Nuzzo, Pier Vitale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-8079
Lolli, Cristian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-9179
De Giorgi, Ugo
Loda, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9674-8379
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P01CA265768)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P50CA211024)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P01CA265768)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1410405)
Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF-22CHAL05)
Prostate Cancer Foundation (25YOUN19)
American-Italian Cancer Foundation
Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (“Ezio, Maria e Bianca Panciera” AIRC Fellowship for Abroad)
American Cancer Society (PF-24-1318851-01-MM)
Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Revised: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori,” Meldola, Italy (protocol code: IRST B073) and by the Weill Cornell Medicine Internal Review Board (IRB protocol number 0711009545) in New York City. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines of the International Conference of Harmonization.All patients provided informed consent for the collection, storage, analysis, and de- identified sharing of their data for research purposes.