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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Revised: 13 March 2026

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Competing interests

: SG, CY, SG, and JM have none. SH served as a member of the Data Safety Monitoring for BMS, Beigene, CG Oncology, Janessen, and Sanofi. She received research funding (institution) from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Astellas, and the Prostate Cancer Foundation. DJG reports personal fees from Advanced Accelerator Applications, American Association for Cancer Research, AVEO Pharmaceuticals, Brown and James Atty, Eisai, IdeoOncology, Medscape Education, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Michael J Hennessey & Associates, Millennium Medical Publishing, Myovant Sciences, Nektar Therapeutics, Propella Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, UroGPO, UroTo-day, WebMD, WilmerHale Atty, and Xcures; grants and personal fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer H/C Pharma, Exelixis, Janssen Pharma, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and grants from BMS, Novartis, and Calithera outside the submitted work. DMN reports grants from the Prostate Cancer Foundation during the conduct of the study, as well as personal fees from Janssen Oncology outside the submitted work. RS reports consulting/advisory board: J&J, Bayer, Merck, Amgen. DCD reports support from the US Department of Defense, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Stand Up 2 Cancer, Amgen, Janssen Research & Development, Astellas, and Medivation. Consultant for Janssen Research & Development, AstraZeneca, BioView LTD, Clovis, Astellas, Medivation, Sanador, Angle LLT, Pfizer, Merck, and Amgen. RZS Consulting/advisory board: J&J, Bayer, Merck, Amgen. JL has served as a paid consultant/advisor for Sun Pharma, has received research funding to his institution from Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Calibr, and Cardiff Oncology, and is the lead inventor of AR-V7-related technologies owned by Johns Hopkins University and licensed to Qiagen and A&G. ESA reports grants and personal fees from Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Convergent Therapeutics, Curium, MacroGenics, Merck, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca; personal fees from Aadi Bioscience, Abeona Therapeutics, Aikido Pharma, Astellas, Amgen, Blue Earth, Boundless Bio, Corcept Therapeutics, Duality Bio, Exact Sciences, Hookipa Pharma, Invitae, Eli Lilly, Foundation Medicine, Menarini-Silicon Biosystems, Tango Therapeutics, Tempus, Tolmar Scientific, VIR Biotechnology, and Z-alpha; grants from Novartis, Celgene, and Orion; and has a patent for an AR-V7 biomarker technology that has been licensed to Qiagen. FUNDING: ESA is partially supported by NCI grant P30 CA077598 and DOD grant W81XWH-22-2-0025. AJA reports research support (to Duke) from the NIH/NCI, PCF/Movember, DOD, Astellas, Pfizer, Bayer, Janssen, BMS, AstraZeneca, Merck, Pathos, Amgen, Novartis. AJA reports consulting or advising relationships with Astellas, Pfizer, Bayer, Janssen, BMS, AstraZeneca, Merck, Forma, Celgene, Myovant, Exelixis, GoodRx, Novartis, Medscape, MJH, Z Alpha, Telix.