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Article History

Received: 23 December 2024

Revised: 22 June 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships that may be considered potential competing interests: Misako Nagasaka reports consulting or advisory roles: AstraZeneca, Caris Life Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Novartis, EMD Serono, Janssen, Pfizer, Lilly, Genentech, Mirati Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb USA, Regeneron Speakers’ Bureau: Blueprint Medicines, Takeda, Janssen, Mirati Therapeutics Research Funding: Tempus Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Anheart Therapeutics. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with Merck & Co., Inc., that includes funding grants. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with Roche that includes funding grants. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with Novartis that includes funding grants. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with AstraZeneca that includes funding grants. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with Bristol Myers Squibb Co., which includes funding grants. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with TheraBionic, Inc., that includes equity or stocks. Boris C Pasche reports a relationship with TheraBionic GmbH that includes equity or stocks. Asfar S Azmi reports a relationship with Guidepoint that includes consulting or advisory. Asfar S Azmi reports a relationship with GLG that includes consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.