Yi, Erkang
Cui, Jieda
Wang, Hairong
Wu, Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-4674
Hong, Qiyang
Li, Qingyang
Xie, Chengshu
Xu, Huahua
Liu, Yu
Ran, Xinru
Wu, Xiaohui
Wan, Qi
Tang, Gaoying
Zhu, Leqing
Pang, Junling
Zhou, Yumin
Long, Erping
Ran, Pixin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-634X
Article History
Received: 2 August 2025
Revised: 22 November 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for the animal experiments was obtained from the Guangzhou National Laboratory (Reference number: SYXK 2020-0227). Lung tissue samples from patients with COPD and healthy donors were collected in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Reference number: ES-2024-080-03). Peripheral blood samples from COPD patients and healthy controls were collected through the ECOPD study (Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900024643; registered 19 July 2019). Written informed consent was obtained from all human participants prior to sample collection.