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Authors
Xi, Xi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0175-5283
Zhang, Yonghui
Zhao, Daqing
Chen, Fangfang
Howard, Kenneth A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF17OC0028070)
Jilin Department of Health (2022SCZ26)
Jilin Department of Health (2022JC075)
Jilin Department of Health (2022LC121)
Jilin Department of Health (2022SCZ26)
Jilin Department of Health (2022LC121)
Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province (20230402040GH)
Venus Project from China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271446)
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Article History
Received: 16 March 2025
Revised: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study conforms to the principles of “Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects (2023)” and ”Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (2016)“ and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital (No. 2024-KYYS-189). Written consent was obtained from all participants prior to their donation of blood samples.
